在國補退坡、天然氣價格波動等因素的影響下，濕垃圾厭氧產(chǎn)沼資源化利用方案優(yōu)劣之爭愈演愈烈，“制氣”還是“發(fā)電”成為選擇上的難點。本文對厭氧沼氣提純制生物天然氣、熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)、直燃供熱和制備氫氣等 4 種利用技術路線進行總結，再結合 4 個典型工程案例的數(shù)據(jù)，以沼氣利用規(guī)模 3000 m3/h 為基準，建立經(jīng)濟模型進行成本效益分析得出：沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（有電價補貼）>沼氣提純制天然氣>沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（無電價補貼）>沼氣直燃供熱。濕垃圾項目沼氣資源化利用方案的最終選擇應充分考慮項目規(guī)模、選址邊界條件、投資、電力和蒸汽成本、產(chǎn)品市場消納及價格、綜合經(jīng)濟效益等多種因素，產(chǎn)品價格是最核心的因素。隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，垃圾分類投放、分類收集、分類運輸、分類處理的生活垃圾管理系統(tǒng)建設已作為基本國策列入 2020 年《中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》。住建部要求 2019 年起全國地級及以上城市要全面啟動生活垃圾分類工作，到 2025 年前全國地級及以上城市要基本建成“垃圾分類”處理系統(tǒng)。相較于生活垃圾焚燒和衛(wèi)生填埋，分類收運后的濕垃圾（餐廚+廚余垃圾）成為一個新細分垃圾處理門類，也是垃圾分類處理相對薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)。目前，主流濕垃圾處理技術核心環(huán)節(jié)為厭氧消化，厭氧沼氣是資源化過程的主要產(chǎn)品，屬于綠色可再生能源，也是項目主要經(jīng)濟收入之一。在實現(xiàn)濕垃圾無害化、減量化的前提下，如何最大程度地提高資源化水平和經(jīng)濟效益，為城市持續(xù)提供基礎服務，并助力實現(xiàn)無廢城市的目標，是濕垃圾厭氧沼氣資源化利用的關鍵挑戰(zhàn)。沼氣主要成分為甲烷，具有無色無味、熱值高（20800~23600 kJ/m3）等特點，是一種很好的清潔燃料，也是一種溫室氣體（甲烷吸收紅外線的能力約為二氧化碳的 26 倍，其溫室效應比二氧化碳高 22 倍，占溫室氣體貢獻量的 15%）。厭氧沼氣可轉化為電力、蒸汽、生物天然氣、氫氣、甲醇等資源化利用，具有良好的經(jīng)濟效益，且可減少空氣污染，降低對化石能源的依賴，對碳中和、碳達峰目標的實現(xiàn)具有重要現(xiàn)實意義。此前，針對沼氣資源化利用的相關技術研究較多，但缺乏有針對性的沼氣利用的綜合技術經(jīng)濟和應用場景分析。在生物質發(fā)電面臨“國補退坡”、國際貿易動蕩致天然氣能源價格波動、雙碳戰(zhàn)略等諸多背景下，濕垃圾厭氧沼氣資源化利用技術方案的優(yōu)劣之爭愈演愈烈，“制氣”還是“發(fā)電”甚至成為“路線之爭”。針對上述問題，綜合分析比較 4 種沼氣資源化利用技術，并選取 3 種主流技術的 4 個典型案例進行成本和效益的經(jīng)濟分析，進而針對 4 種沼氣資源化利用技術進行應用場景分析，旨在為不斷建設的濕垃圾資源化廠沼氣資源化利用方案的選擇提供參考和借鑒。

　　Under the influence of factors such as the decline of national subsidies and fluctuations in natural gas prices, the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic biogas resource utilization schemes for wet garbage has become increasingly fierce, and the choice between "gas production" and "power generation" has become a difficult point. This article summarizes four utilization technology routes, including anaerobic biogas purification to produce biogas, cogeneration, direct combustion heating, and hydrogen production. Combined with data from four typical engineering cases, an economic model is established based on a biogas utilization scale of 3000 m3/h for cost-benefit analysis. The results show that biogas cogeneration (with electricity price subsidies)>biogas purification to produce natural gas>biogas cogeneration (without electricity price subsidies)>biogas direct combustion heating. The final selection of the biogas resource utilization plan for wet garbage projects should fully consider various factors such as project scale, site boundary conditions, investment, electricity and steam costs, product market consumption and price, and comprehensive economic benefits. Product price is the most crucial factor. With the development of the economy, the construction of a household waste management system for garbage classification, collection, transportation, and treatment has been included as a basic national policy in the 2020 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development requires that from 2019 onwards, all prefecture level and above cities in China should fully launch the work of household waste classification, and by 2025, a "waste classification" treatment system should be basically established in all prefecture level and above cities in China. Compared to incineration and sanitary landfill of household waste, wet waste (kitchen and kitchen waste) after classification and transportation has become a new sub category of waste treatment, and it is also a relatively weak link in waste classification and treatment. At present, the core process of mainstream wet waste treatment technology is anaerobic digestion, and anaerobic biogas is the main product of resource utilization process, belonging to green renewable energy and also one of the main economic incomes of the project. On the premise of achieving harmless and reduced wet garbage, how to maximize the level of resource utilization and economic benefits, provide sustainable basic services for cities, and help achieve the goal of a waste free city is the key challenge for the anaerobic biogas resource utilization of wet garbage. The main component of biogas is methane, which is colorless, odorless, and has a high calorific value (20800~23600 kJ/m3). It is an excellent clean fuel and a greenhouse gas (methane has an infrared absorption capacity about 26 times that of carbon dioxide, and its greenhouse effect is 22 times higher than that of carbon dioxide, accounting for 15% of the greenhouse gas contribution). Anaerobic biogas can be converted into resources such as electricity, steam, biogas, hydrogen, methanol, etc., which have good economic benefits and can reduce air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. It has important practical significance for achieving carbon neutrality and peak carbon emissions goals. Previously, there were many studies on the relevant technologies for the utilization of biogas resources, but there was a lack of comprehensive technical, economic, and application scenario analysis for targeted biogas utilization. Against the backdrop of the decline in national subsidies for biomass power generation, fluctuations in natural gas energy prices caused by international trade turbulence, and the dual carbon strategy, the debate over the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic biogas resource utilization technology solutions for wet waste is becoming increasingly intense. Whether to "produce gas" or "generate electricity" has even become a "battle of the road". In response to the above issues, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of four biogas resource utilization technologies were conducted, and four typical cases of three mainstream technologies were selected for economic analysis of costs and benefits. Furthermore, an application scenario analysis was conducted for the four biogas resource utilization technologies, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the selection of biogas resource utilization schemes for the continuous construction of wet waste resource utilization plants.

　　一濕垃圾厭氧沼氣資源化利用

　　Resource utilization of anaerobic biogas from wet garbage

　　1. 濕垃圾厭氧沼氣組分特點濕垃圾厭氧沼氣是一種混合氣體，成分較復雜，不同原料、發(fā)酵工藝、發(fā)酵條件和發(fā)酵階段所產(chǎn)沼氣的組分不盡相同。以餐廚垃圾和廚余垃圾等為原料，經(jīng)預處理和厭氧消化所產(chǎn)生的原生沼氣組分和物化參數(shù)范圍如表 1 和表 2 所示。表1 原生沼氣和凈化后沼氣的組分注：其他成分包括 N2、O2、CO、H2、H2O、硅氧烷和小分子烷烴等。表2 原生沼氣和凈化后沼氣的物化參數(shù)注：厭氧消化工藝一般有3個溫度范圍（常溫20~25℃、中溫30~40℃、高溫50~60℃）。

　　1. Composition characteristics of wet garbage anaerobic biogas Wet garbage anaerobic biogas is a mixed gas with complex components, and the composition of biogas produced from different raw materials, fermentation processes, fermentation conditions, and fermentation stages varies. The original biogas components and physicochemical parameter ranges generated by pre-treatment and anaerobic digestion using kitchen waste and kitchen waste as raw materials are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Composition of Primary Biogas and Purified Biogas: Other components include N2, O2, CO, H2, H2O, siloxane, and small molecule alkanes. Table 2 Physical and Chemical Parameters of Primary Biogas and Purified Biogas Note: Anaerobic digestion processes generally have three temperature ranges (room temperature 20-25 ℃, medium temperature 30-40 ℃, high temperature 50-60 ℃).

　　2. 沼氣預處理技術厭氧消化產(chǎn)生的原生沼氣中 CO2 降低了其熱值，H2S?和 H2O 會對后續(xù)設備和管道產(chǎn)生腐蝕，直接利用還會造成環(huán)境污染。因此，需設置沼氣預處理單元。通過沼氣存儲、脫硫凈化、脫水及增壓等過程，一方面緩沖產(chǎn)氣峰谷，另一方面除去 CO2、H2S 和水蒸氣等成分便于資源化利用。根據(jù) GB/T 51063—2014 大中型沼氣工程技術規(guī)范，沼氣宜采用低壓存儲，儲氣容積宜按日用氣量的 10%~30% 確定。目前，國內外濕垃圾項目常用的沼氣柜有兩種：雙膜氣柜和外鋼內膜氣柜。我國濕垃圾資源化處理項目主要根據(jù)外部環(huán)境影響、投資強度和選址占地面積等因素綜合選用不同的沼氣柜。沼氣利用前需經(jīng)脫硫、脫水、除塵等預處理（主要是除去 H2S 和水蒸氣），減輕對后續(xù)設備、管道及儀表的污染和腐蝕，延長設備使用壽命；同時避免污染大氣或保證產(chǎn)品品質。工程實例中主要工藝單元包括增壓、過濾、脫硫、冷干脫水、穩(wěn)壓等環(huán)節(jié)。根據(jù)其核心脫硫工藝單元的原理不同，常用的沼氣脫硫凈化工藝包括生物脫硫、濕法脫硫、干法脫硫，上述 3 種單一的脫硫工藝均能滿足出氣 H2S<0.01%，采用組合脫硫工藝可達出氣 H2S<0.001%，滿足各種利用方案設備、產(chǎn)品和環(huán)保要求。工程應用中對沼氣凈化后組分及物化參數(shù)的要求如表 1~表 2 所示。

　　2. Biogas pretreatment technology: The CO2 in the primary biogas produced by anaerobic digestion reduces its calorific value, while H2S and H2O can corrode subsequent equipment and pipelines. Direct utilization can also cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a biogas pretreatment unit. Through processes such as biogas storage, desulfurization and purification, dehydration, and pressurization, on the one hand, the peak and valley of gas production are buffered, and on the other hand, components such as CO2, H2S, and water vapor are removed for resource utilization. According to GB/T 51063-2014 Technical Specification for Large and Medium sized Biogas Engineering, biogas should be stored at low pressure, and the storage capacity should be determined based on 10% to 30% of the daily gas consumption. At present, there are two commonly used types of biogas tanks for wet waste projects both domestically and internationally: double membrane gas tanks and outer steel inner membrane gas tanks. The wet waste resource utilization project in China mainly selects different biogas tanks based on factors such as external environmental impact, investment intensity, and site area. Before utilizing biogas, it needs to undergo pre-treatment such as desulfurization, dehydration, and dust removal (mainly to remove H2S and water vapor) to reduce pollution and corrosion to subsequent equipment, pipelines, and instruments, and extend the service life of the equipment; Simultaneously avoiding air pollution or ensuring product quality. The main process units in the engineering example include pressurization, filtration, desulfurization, cold dry dehydration, and pressure stabilization. According to the different principles of its core desulfurization process units, commonly used biogas desulfurization and purification processes include biological desulfurization, wet desulfurization, and dry desulfurization. All three single desulfurization processes can meet the requirements of H2S<0.01% in the exhaust gas, and the combination desulfurization process can achieve H2S<0.001% in the exhaust gas, meeting the equipment, product, and environmental protection requirements of various utilization schemes. The requirements for the components and physicochemical parameters of purified biogas in engineering applications are shown in Tables 1 to 2.

　　2. 沼氣資源化利用技術預處理后的沼氣資源化通過對主要成分甲烷的能量或純度轉換來實現(xiàn)，主要包括熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)、提純制天然氣、直燃供熱和制備氫氣 4 種利用技術。天然氣制綠色甲醇燃料項目對選址要求較為嚴格，通常建在有天然氣管網(wǎng)的化工園區(qū)，且生產(chǎn)規(guī)模對該類項目投資收益影響較大，不適合與單一的濕垃圾資源化廠配套建設，目前我國尚未有運營案例，故本研究不做單獨論述和分析。（1）沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)資源化技術。該技術是利用預處理凈化后的沼氣作為燃料，在內燃發(fā)電機組的機缸內燃燒，通過活塞帶動曲軸轉化為機械能輸出，進而帶動發(fā)電機發(fā)電。內燃機中產(chǎn)生的高溫煙氣可經(jīng)余熱鍋爐產(chǎn)蒸汽供熱，實現(xiàn)熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)，最大程度地提高能源利用率。此外，內燃機氣缸的高溫高壓使得助燃空氣中 O2 與 N2 反應生成 NOx，為保護環(huán)境還應設置選擇性非催化還原（Selective Non-catalytic Reduction，SNCR）煙氣脫硝裝置確保尾氣達標排放。（2）沼氣提純制天然氣資源化技術。沼氣組分主要為 CH4 和 CO2，通過工藝技術凈化除去 CO2 等雜質氣體，分離出符合標準的天然氣，通過加臭加壓后由氣罐車外運或并入城市天然氣管道。國內外類似項目常用提純方法包括水洗法、變壓吸附法（Pressure Swing Adsorption，PSA）、醇胺吸附法和膜分離法。制備生物天然氣應符合 GB/T 13611—2018 城鎮(zhèn)燃氣分類和基本特性中表 2 的 12T 技術指標要求。具體參數(shù)如表 3 所示。表3 提純后生物天然氣成分（3）沼氣直燃供熱資源化技術。沼氣作為燃料直接送至燃氣鍋爐內燃燒產(chǎn)生蒸汽，將化學能轉化為熱能，產(chǎn)生的蒸汽除項目生產(chǎn)自用外，余汽可對外供熱。沼氣直燃供熱技術一般適用于周邊有長期穩(wěn)定的供熱需求客戶或園區(qū)一體化供熱項目，其主要適用于特定條件下的中小規(guī)模應用場景。（4）沼氣制氫資源化技術。在高溫高壓及催化劑存在的條件下，沼氣的主要組分甲烷和水蒸氣發(fā)生重整化學反應：沼氣進入重整和變換爐使得 CH4 轉化成 H2 和 CO2，再經(jīng)過換熱、冷凝水氣分離和加壓進入裝有特定吸附劑的吸附塔，采用 PSA 變壓吸附、升壓吸附等提純方法制取產(chǎn)品氫氣，同時釋放其他氣體。對以上 4 種沼氣資源化利用技術的工藝過程、主要設備及技術特點的比較如表 4 所示。表4 沼氣資源化利用技術對比

　　2. Biogas Resource Utilization Technology Pre treated biogas resource utilization is achieved by converting the energy or purity of the main component methane, mainly including four utilization technologies: cogeneration, purification of natural gas, direct combustion heating, and hydrogen production. The natural gas to green methanol fuel project has strict site selection requirements and is usually built in chemical parks with natural gas pipelines. The production scale has a significant impact on the investment returns of such projects and is not suitable for supporting the construction of a single wet waste recycling plant. Currently, there are no operational cases in China, so this study will not discuss and analyze them separately. (1) Biogas cogeneration resource utilization technology. This technology uses pre treated and purified biogas as fuel, burns it in the cylinder of an internal combustion generator set, and converts it into mechanical energy output through the piston driving the crankshaft, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. The high-temperature flue gas generated in internal combustion engines can be heated by steam generated by waste heat boilers, achieving cogeneration and maximizing energy utilization. In addition, the high temperature and pressure of internal combustion engine cylinders cause O2 and N2 in the combustion air to react and generate NOx. To protect the environment, selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) flue gas denitrification devices should be installed to ensure that exhaust emissions meet standards. (2) Biogas purification technology for natural gas resource utilization. The main components of biogas are CH4 and CO2, which are purified through process technology to remove impurities such as CO2, and natural gas that meets standards is separated. After odorization and pressurization, it is transported by gas tankers or integrated into urban natural gas pipelines. The commonly used purification methods for similar projects both domestically and internationally include water washing, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), alcohol amine adsorption, and membrane separation. The preparation of bio natural gas should comply with the 12T technical index requirements in Table 2 of GB/T 13611-2018 Classification and Basic Characteristics of Urban Gas. The specific parameters are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Components of Purified Bionatural Gas (3): Biogas Direct Combustion Heating Resource Utilization Technology. Biogas is directly sent as fuel to a gas boiler for combustion, producing steam that converts chemical energy into heat energy. The generated steam can be used for external heating, except for project production and self use. Biogas direct combustion heating technology is generally suitable for customers with long-term stable heating needs in the surrounding area or integrated heating projects in parks. It is mainly suitable for small and medium-sized application scenarios under specific conditions. (4) Biogas hydrogen production resource utilization technology. Under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and the presence of catalysts, the main components of biogas, methane and water vapor, undergo reforming chemical reactions: biogas enters the reforming and transformation furnace to convert CH4 into H2 and CO2, and then enters the adsorption tower equipped with specific adsorbents through heat exchange, condensation water gas separation, and pressurization. Purification methods such as PSA pressure swing adsorption and pressure boost adsorption are used to produce product hydrogen while releasing other gases. The comparison of the process, main equipment, and technical characteristics of the above four biogas resource utilization technologies is shown in Table 4. Table 4 Comparison of Biogas Resource Utilization Technologies

　　二研究過程與方法

　　Research Process and Methods

　　1. 典型工程案例選擇根據(jù)統(tǒng)計資料，截至 2023 年底，全國濕垃圾厭氧消化處理設施約 400 余座。其中，沼氣資源化利用方式為熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)項目比例約 50%，提純制天然氣項目比例約 30%，沼氣直燃供熱項目比例約 20%。沼氣制氫項目因安全問題、加氫站距離遠等原因落地難度較大。目前，我國僅在廣東佛山有 1 個試點項目，總體尚不成熟，經(jīng)濟效益較差。因此，對制氫項目不做具體經(jīng)濟效益分析。其他 3 種主流沼氣資源化利用方式的 4 個典型案例概況如表 5 所示。其中，案例 1 和案例 2 的沼氣資源化處理工藝均為熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)。根據(jù)財政部、國家發(fā)改委、國家能源局聯(lián)合頒布的《關于促進非水可再生能源發(fā)電健康發(fā)展的若干意見》（財建〔2020〕4 號）文件，2021 年底后并網(wǎng)的生物質發(fā)電項目不再列入中央補貼范圍，而是由地方政府根據(jù)實際情況出臺補貼政策。案例 1 沼氣發(fā)電機組于 2020 年并網(wǎng)，取得了電價補貼，而案例 2 于 2024 年建成，未取得電價補貼。故選取二者分別加以討論。表5 典型工程案例概況

　　According to statistical data, as of the end of 2023, there are approximately 400 anaerobic digestion and treatment facilities for wet garbage in China. Among them, the utilization of biogas resources includes about 50% of cogeneration projects, about 30% of purified natural gas projects, and about 20% of biogas direct combustion heating projects. The implementation of biogas hydrogen production projects is difficult due to safety issues and the long distance of hydrogen refueling stations. At present, China only has one pilot project in Foshan, Guangdong, which is not yet mature and has poor economic benefits. Therefore, no specific economic benefit analysis will be conducted for hydrogen production projects. The overview of four typical cases of the other three mainstream biogas resource utilization methods is shown in Table 5. Among them, the biogas resource utilization treatment processes of Case 1 and Case 2 are both combined heat and power generation. According to the "Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Non Water Renewable Energy Power Generation" (Caijian [2020] No. 4) jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the National Energy Administration, biomass power generation projects connected to the grid after the end of 2021 will no longer be included in the scope of central subsidies, but will be subsidized by local governments based on actual situations. Case 1: The biogas generator set was connected to the grid in 2020 and received electricity price subsidies, while Case 2 was completed in 2024 and did not receive electricity price subsidies. Therefore, choose to discuss the two separately. Table 5 Overview of Typical Engineering Cases

　　2. 研究方法選取典型工程案例，對其投資、運營成本及收益進行定量分析，采用成本效益比較分析法探討濕垃圾厭氧沼氣的 3 種主流資源化處理方案的經(jīng)濟可行性。主要分析條件包括：①確定測算基準規(guī)模，按濕垃圾處理規(guī)模 600 t/d、沼氣產(chǎn)量 60000? m3/d、沼氣資源化利用規(guī)模 3000 m3/h 作為測算基準；②明確分析主要成本和收入構成，包括投資、運營成本和產(chǎn)品銷售收入。不同案例在投資、運行成本及產(chǎn)品收入方面均有較大差異，本研究以 a 為單位，考慮時間價值，采用“凈年值法”進行經(jīng)濟效益分析。凈年值（NAV）的計算公式為：式中：NAV 表示凈年值；NAVE 表示效益凈年值；NAVC 表示成本凈年值；AEn 表示正常年凈年收益；ACn 表示正常年凈年成本。成本年值的計算公式為：式中：ACn 為正常年等值年成本；IC 為等值投資成本（設置費）；DC 為第 0? 年的一次投資成本；r 為利率；n 為使用壽命或計算年限；SCn 為正常年運行成本（維持費），其中正常達產(chǎn)年NAVC = ACn?。效益年值的計算公式為：式中：AEn 為第 n 年收益；Qn 為產(chǎn)品 n 的產(chǎn)量；an為產(chǎn)品 n 的銷售單價，其中正常達產(chǎn)年 NAVE=AEn。

　　2. Research methods: Select typical engineering cases, quantitatively analyze their investment, operating costs, and benefits, and use cost-benefit comparative analysis to explore the economic feasibility of three mainstream resource utilization schemes for anaerobic biogas treatment of wet garbage. The main analysis conditions include: ① determining the benchmark scale for calculation, based on a wet garbage treatment scale of 600 t/d, biogas production of 60000 m3/d, and biogas resource utilization scale of 3000 m3/h as the calculation benchmark; ② Clearly analyze the main cost and revenue components, including investment, operating costs, and product sales revenue. There are significant differences in investment, operating costs, and product revenue among different cases. This study takes a as the unit, considers time value, and uses the "net annual value method" for economic benefit analysis. The calculation formula for net annual value (NAV) is: where NAV represents net annual value; NAVE represents the net annual value of benefits; NAVC represents the net annual cost value; AEn represents normal annual net profit; ACn represents the normal annual net cost. The formula for calculating the annual cost value is: where ACn is the equivalent annual cost of a normal year; IC is the equivalent investment cost (setup fee); DC is the investment cost for the 0th year; R is the interest rate; N is the service life or calculation period; SCn is the normal annual operating cost (maintenance fee), where NAVC=ACn in the normal production year. The calculation formula for the annual benefit value is: where AEn is the revenue in the nth year; Qn is the output of product n; An is the sales unit price of product n, where NAVE=AEn in the normal production year.

　　三成本及效益分析

　　Cost and benefit analysis

　　以典型工程案例數(shù)據(jù)為基礎，通過對投資折舊、運行成本和產(chǎn)品收益等方面進行綜合經(jīng)濟分析，確定 3 種沼氣資源化利用技術在不同條件下的合適應用場景。為便于經(jīng)濟比較，4 個典型案例沼氣利用規(guī)模均按 60000 m3/d 折算。其中，熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)沼氣發(fā)電機組容量為 4.8 MW，配套余熱鍋爐蒸發(fā)量為 5 t/h；制備生物天然氣量為 36000 m3/d；沼氣直燃蒸汽鍋爐額定蒸發(fā)量為 18 t/h。

　　Based on typical engineering case data, a comprehensive economic analysis is conducted on investment depreciation, operating costs, and product returns to determine the suitable application scenarios of three biogas resource utilization technologies under different conditions. For the convenience of economic comparison, the scale of biogas utilization in the four typical cases is calculated at 60000 m3/d. Among them, the capacity of the cogeneration biogas generator unit is 4.8 MW, and the evaporation capacity of the supporting waste heat boiler is 5 t/h; Prepare a bio natural gas volume of 36000 m3/d; The rated evaporation capacity of the biogas direct fired steam boiler is 18 t/h.

　　1. 成本分析

　　1. Cost analysis

　　（1）投資成本沼氣資源化利用設施的投資費用包括土建工程、設備和安裝工程、征地費用等。各典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)投資經(jīng)濟指標及投資等值年成本見表6。主要經(jīng)濟基礎數(shù)據(jù)如下：征地費用 100 萬元/畝（1 畝約為 666.67 m2），建筑單位造價指標? 5000 元/m2，基礎構筑物單位造價指標 1200 元/m3，設備和安裝費按各典型案例初步設計概算計取，設備和安裝工程投資折舊按 15 a 計取，土建工程和征地投資折舊按 30 a 計取，殘值率按 5% 計取，基準投資收益率按 6% 計取。表6 典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)投資等值年成本分析雖然 4 個案例沼氣存儲和凈化設施投資等均相同，但是案例 1、案例 2 中沼氣利用設施需要設置沼氣發(fā)電機組和余熱鍋爐等建筑用房。因此，其一次性投資和投資等值年成本大于案例 3 的沼氣提純天然氣裝置和案例 4 的制熱鍋爐。其中，案例 4 投資最小，其等值年成本僅約為案例 1 的 60%。

　　(1) The investment cost of biogas resource utilization facilities includes civil engineering, equipment and installation engineering, land acquisition costs, etc. The economic indicators and equivalent annual costs of investment in biogas utilization systems for each typical case are shown in Table 6. The main economic basic data are as follows: land acquisition cost is 1 million yuan/mu (1 mu is about 666.67 m2), building unit cost index is 5000 yuan/m2, basic structure unit cost index is 1200 yuan/m3, equipment and installation costs are calculated based on the preliminary design estimate of each typical case, equipment and installation engineering investment depreciation is calculated at 15 years, civil engineering and land acquisition investment depreciation is calculated at 30 years, residual value rate is calculated at 5%, and benchmark investment return rate is calculated at 6%. Although the investment in biogas storage and purification facilities in the four typical cases is the same, the biogas utilization facilities in Case 1 and Case 2 require building buildings such as biogas generators and waste heat boilers. Therefore, its one-time investment and equivalent annual cost are greater than the biogas purification natural gas device in Case 3 and the heating boiler in Case 4. Among them, Case 4 has the smallest investment, with an equivalent annual cost of only about 60% of Case 1.

　　（2）運營成本典型案例運營成本主要包括人工、水、電、藥劑及檢修成本等。各典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)運營成本見表7。主要經(jīng)濟基礎數(shù)據(jù)如下：人均工資按 25 萬元/a 計取；生產(chǎn)用自來水和鍋爐軟化水單價分別按 5 元/t 和 8 元/t 計取；案例 3 外購電單價為 0.8 元/kWh，案例 1、案例 2 電力自發(fā)自用和案例3 園區(qū)協(xié)同供電單價均為 0.65 元/kWh；藥劑費用按實際計取；檢修費用按設備投資的 5% 計取。由表 7 可知，沼氣系統(tǒng)的運營成本主要為用電費、檢修費用和人工費。其中，案例 1、案例 2 的年運營成本略大于案例 3。由于案例 4 工藝設備簡單，年運營成本遠低于其他案例，僅約為案例 1 的 73%。表7 典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)運營成本分析2. 效益分析沼氣資源化利用系統(tǒng)的收益主要來自電力、生物天然氣或蒸汽的銷售收入。除了沼氣利用系統(tǒng)外，濕垃圾資源化處理項目還包括預處理、厭氧消化、污水及除臭處理等工藝系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)消耗了大量電力和蒸汽資源。其中，案例 1 和案例 2 中沼氣系統(tǒng)發(fā)電可滿足工藝系統(tǒng)全部電力，余熱鍋爐產(chǎn)生蒸汽可滿足工藝系統(tǒng)部分蒸汽消耗需求；案例 4 沼氣系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的蒸汽可滿足工藝系統(tǒng)的全部蒸汽消耗。為便于經(jīng)濟分析，將沼氣利用系統(tǒng)以外的濕垃圾項目自用的蒸汽和電力成本均等值計入沼氣系統(tǒng)銷售收入，外售的電力、蒸汽或天然氣按市場全量消納計算銷售收入。各典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)年經(jīng)濟收入見表8。主要經(jīng)濟基礎數(shù)據(jù)如下：濕垃圾項目生產(chǎn)耗電量指標按 100 kWh/t（不含沼氣利用系統(tǒng)耗電量）計取，單位沼氣發(fā)電量指標按 2.2 kWh/m3 計取，享受國家可再生能源補貼的電價為 0.639 元/kWh，不享受電價補貼的電價按華東地區(qū)燃煤機組標桿電價 0.4155 元/kWh 計取；納管天然氣銷售單價按案例 3 協(xié)議單價 2.3 元/m3 計取；1 MPa 飽和蒸汽單價均按 180 元/t 計取。表8 典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)年收益分析案例 1 和案例 2 熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)的銷售收入均高于案例 3 的生產(chǎn)生物天然氣和案例 4 的生產(chǎn)蒸汽供熱。主要原因是沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)利用與濕垃圾項目電力、蒸汽耗量較大相匹配，案例 2 即使在無電價補貼的情況下銷售收入仍略高于案例 3。同時，熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方案受上網(wǎng)電價補貼影響較大，案例 1 比沒有電價補貼的案例 2 銷售收入增加約? 17%。

　　(2) Typical cases of operating costs include labor, water, electricity, chemicals, and maintenance costs. The operating costs of biogas utilization systems in various typical cases are shown in Table 7. The main economic basic data is as follows: the per capita salary is calculated at 250000 yuan/a; The unit prices of production tap water and boiler softened water are calculated at 5 yuan/t and 8 yuan/t respectively; The unit price of purchased electricity in Case 3 is 0.8 yuan/kWh, while the unit price of self use electricity in Case 1 and Case 2, as well as the unit price of collaborative power supply in Case 3, are both 0.65 yuan/kWh; The cost of medication is calculated based on actual expenses; The maintenance cost is calculated at 5% of the equipment investment. According to Table 7, the operating costs of the biogas system mainly include electricity bills, maintenance costs, and labor costs. Among them, the annual operating costs of Case 1 and Case 2 are slightly higher than Case 3. Due to the simple process equipment in Case 4, the annual operating cost is much lower than other cases, only about 73% of Case 1. Table 7 Typical Case Analysis of Operating Costs of Biogas Utilization System 2 The benefits of the biogas resource utilization system mainly come from the sales revenue of electricity, biogas or steam. In addition to the biogas utilization system, the wet waste resource utilization project also includes process systems such as pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, sewage and deodorization treatment, which consume a large amount of electricity and steam resources. Among them, the biogas system in Case 1 and Case 2 can generate all the electricity for the process system, and the steam generated by the waste heat boiler can meet some of the steam consumption requirements for the process system; Case 4: The steam generated by the biogas system can meet all the steam consumption of the process system. For the convenience of economic analysis, the cost of steam and electricity used for wet waste projects outside the biogas utilization system will be equally included in the sales revenue of the biogas system. The sales revenue of electricity, steam, or natural gas sold outside will be calculated based on the full market consumption. The annual economic income of each typical case biogas utilization system is shown in Table 8. The main economic basic data is as follows: the production power consumption index of wet waste projects is calculated at 100 kWh/t (excluding the power consumption of biogas utilization systems), and the unit biogas power generation index is calculated at 2.2 kWh/m3. The electricity price that enjoys the national renewable energy subsidy is 0.639 yuan/kWh, and the electricity price that does not enjoy the electricity price subsidy is calculated at the benchmark electricity price of 0.4155 yuan/kWh for coal-fired units in East China; The sales unit price of natural gas in the pipeline is calculated based on the agreed unit price of 2.3 yuan/m3 in Case 3; The unit price of 1 MPa saturated steam is calculated at 180 yuan/ton. Table 8 Typical Case Analysis of Annual Revenue of Biogas Utilization System. The sales revenue of Case 1 and Case 2 combined heat and power generation is higher than that of Case 3 for producing biogas and Case 4 for producing steam heating. The main reason is that the utilization of biogas cogeneration matches the high electricity and steam consumption of wet waste projects. Even without electricity price subsidies, Case 2 still has slightly higher sales revenue than Case 3. At the same time, the cogeneration scheme is greatly affected by the grid electricity price subsidy, with Case 1 increasing sales revenue by about 17% compared to Case 2 without electricity price subsidy.

　　3. 綜合經(jīng)濟分析根據(jù)式（3）~式（5）以及成本和效益分析結果，按“年收入-（投資等值年成本+年運營費用）”計算 4 個典型案例的綜合凈年值，結果分別為 2477.06、1956.27、1983.94、1797.07 萬元/a。各方案凈年值順序為 案例 1 >案例 3 >案例 2 >案例 4。案例1 的沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方案由于存在上網(wǎng)電價補貼，其效益年值高，雖然運營成本高，其凈年值也最高。案例 2 的沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方案因沒有電價補貼，其凈年值略小于案例 3 制生物天然氣的凈年值，但依舊明顯優(yōu)于案例 4 的直燃供熱。4. 敏感性分析沼氣資源化利用系統(tǒng)綜合效益受產(chǎn)品（電力、燃氣、蒸汽）銷售單價、總投資和運行成本影響。因此，選取這 3 個因子開展效益凈年值的敏感性分析，分析結果如圖 1 所示。由圖 1 可知，綜合效益受敏感因子影響排序為：產(chǎn)品單價>運行成本>總投資；而銷售產(chǎn)品敏感性排序為：天然氣>蒸汽>電力。因此，產(chǎn)品價格是影響沼氣資源化利用方案綜合效益的最核心因素。圖1 典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)敏感性分析5. 產(chǎn)品價格對綜合效益影響分析結合上述 4 個案例，在投資和運營成本為已建項目實際數(shù)據(jù)的情況下，天然氣價格、蒸汽價格和上網(wǎng)電價決定了沼氣資源化利用方案的綜合效益。圖 2 表示沼氣利用產(chǎn)品的價格對效益凈年值的影響。其中，案例 1 上網(wǎng)電價固定為 0.639 ?元/kWh（有電價補貼）；案例 2 上網(wǎng)電價固定為 0.4155 元/kWh（無電價補貼），蒸汽和天然氣價格為變動價格；案例 3 以納管天然氣銷售單價 2.3 元/m3 為基準價格，圖 2 中橫坐標相應系數(shù)取 1.0；案例 4 以銷售蒸汽單價 180 元/t 為基準，圖 2 中橫坐標相應系數(shù)取 1.0。圖2 典型案例沼氣利用系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品價格系數(shù)-效益凈年值分析當天然氣銷售價格超過 2.28 元/m3（橫坐標價格系數(shù)為 0.991）或蒸汽銷售價格超過 191.50 元/t（橫坐標價格系數(shù)為1.064）時，其效益凈年值高于沒有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方案；當天然氣銷售價格超過 2.68 元/m3（橫坐標價格系數(shù)為 1.166）或蒸汽銷售價格超過 229.30 元/t（橫坐標價格系數(shù)為 1.274）時，其效益凈年值高于有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)方案。

　　3. Based on equations (3) to (5) and the results of cost and benefit analysis, the comprehensive net annual values of four typical cases were calculated according to "annual income - (investment equivalent annual cost+annual operating expenses)", and the results were 24.7706, 19.56.27, 19.8394, and 17.9707 million yuan/a, respectively. The order of net annual values for each scheme is Case 1>Case 3>Case 2>Case 4. The biogas cogeneration scheme in Case 1 has high annual benefits due to the existence of grid electricity price subsidies. Although the operating costs are high, its net annual value is also the highest. The biogas cogeneration scheme in Case 2, without electricity price subsidies, has a net annual value slightly lower than that of the biogas production in Case 3, but still significantly better than the direct combustion heating scheme in Case 4. 4. Sensitivity analysis shows that the comprehensive benefits of the biogas resource utilization system are affected by the sales unit price, total investment, and operating costs of the products (electricity, gas, steam). Therefore, sensitivity analysis was conducted on the net annual value of benefits using these three factors, and the analysis results are shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, the ranking of comprehensive benefits affected by sensitive factors is: product unit price>operating cost>total investment; The sensitivity ranking of sales products is: natural gas>steam>electricity. Therefore, product price is the most crucial factor affecting the comprehensive benefits of biogas resource utilization schemes. Figure 1 Sensitivity analysis of typical case biogas utilization system 5 Based on the analysis of the impact of product prices on comprehensive benefits and the above four cases, the comprehensive benefits of the biogas resource utilization plan are determined by the natural gas price, steam price, and grid electricity price when the investment and operating costs are based on the actual data of the constructed project. Figure 2 shows the impact of the price of biogas utilization products on the net annual value of benefits. Among them, Case 1 has a fixed on grid electricity price of 0.639 yuan/kWh (with electricity price subsidies); Case 2: The fixed on grid electricity price is 0.4155 yuan/kWh (without electricity price subsidies), and the prices of steam and natural gas are fluctuating; Case 3 takes the sales unit price of 2.3 yuan/m3 for natural gas as the benchmark price, and the corresponding coefficient on the horizontal axis in Figure 2 is taken as 1.0; Case 4 is based on a sales steam unit price of 180 yuan/t, and the corresponding coefficient on the horizontal axis in Figure 2 is taken as 1.0. Figure 2: Analysis of the Price Coefficient Benefit Net Annual Value of a Typical Case Biogas Utilization System Product. When the natural gas sales price exceeds 2.28 yuan/m3 (with a price coefficient of 0.991 on the horizontal axis) or the steam sales price exceeds 191.50 yuan/t (with a price coefficient of 1.064 on the horizontal axis), its benefit net annual value is higher than that of a cogeneration scheme without grid electricity price subsidies; When the sales price of natural gas exceeds 2.68 yuan/m3 (with a horizontal price coefficient of 1.166) or the sales price of steam exceeds 229.30 yuan/t (with a horizontal price coefficient of 1.274), its net annual benefit value is higher than that of the cogeneration scheme with grid electricity price subsidies.

　　四.應用場景分析

　　4 Application scenario analysis

　　沼氣資源化利用方案的選擇應充分考慮濕垃圾項目規(guī)模、選址邊界條件、產(chǎn)品市場消納及價格、綜合經(jīng)濟效益等多種因素。4 類沼氣資源化利用技術的應用場景如表 9 所示。由表 9 可知：沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)技術的產(chǎn)品特性與濕垃圾項目匹配性最好，適用于項目邊界條件不理想的情況，尤其針對享受可再生能源發(fā)電上網(wǎng)補貼的大中型項目，其綜合效益最好，是常規(guī)首選方案；沼氣提純制備天然氣技術適用于園區(qū)有廉價電力和蒸汽協(xié)同供應的大中型項目，且天然氣價格應高于 2.28/2.68 元/m3（相對于無/有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)），是有條件的高附加值的備選方案；沼氣直燃供熱技術適用于周邊有長期穩(wěn)定的供熱需求客戶或園區(qū)一體化供熱需求的中小規(guī)模項目，且供熱單價高于? 191.50/229.30 元/t（相對于無/有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)）時效益較佳，是一種有條件的方案；沼氣制氫技術適用于有政策托底、氫能產(chǎn)銷體系配套成熟的一、二線城市，可作為探索性大中型示范項目。表9 沼氣資源化利用技術應用場景分析注：規(guī)模適配性中“大、中”指沼氣處理規(guī)模不低于 30000 m?/d，“中、小”指沼氣處理規(guī)模低于 30000 m?/d。

　　The selection of biogas resource utilization schemes should fully consider various factors such as the scale of wet waste projects, site boundary conditions, product market consumption and prices, and comprehensive economic benefits. The application scenarios of four types of biogas resource utilization technologies are shown in Table 9. According to Table 9, the product characteristics of biogas cogeneration technology match best with wet waste projects, making it suitable for situations where project boundary conditions are not ideal. Especially for large and medium-sized projects that enjoy subsidies for renewable energy generation, its comprehensive benefits are the best and it is the conventional preferred solution; The technology of purifying biogas to produce natural gas is suitable for large and medium-sized projects in the park that have low-cost electricity and steam co supply, and the natural gas price should be higher than 2.28/2.68/m3 (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), which is a conditionally high value-added alternative solution; The biogas direct combustion heating technology is suitable for small and medium-sized projects with long-term stable heating needs in the surrounding areas or integrated heating needs in parks, and the heating unit price is higher than 191.50/229.30 yuan/t (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), which has better benefits. It is a conditional solution; Biogas hydrogen production technology is suitable for first and second tier cities with policy support and mature hydrogen energy production and sales systems, and can be used as an exploratory large and medium-sized demonstration project. Table 9 Analysis of Application Scenarios for Biogas Resource Utilization Technology Note: In terms of scale adaptability, "large" and "medium" refer to a biogas treatment scale of not less than 30000 m ?/d, while "medium" and "small" refer to a biogas treatment scale of less than 30000 m ?/d.

　　五結論

　　Five conclusions

　　濕垃圾厭氧消化產(chǎn)生的沼氣經(jīng)預處理凈化后的資源化利用技術主要包括熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)、提純制天然氣、直燃供熱和制備氫氣 4 種。對其中 3 種主流技術的 4 個典型工程案例的成本、效益、敏感性和產(chǎn)品價格等進行分析，其綜合效益排序為沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（有電價補貼）案例>沼氣提純制天然氣案例>沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（無電價補貼）案例>沼氣直燃供熱案例。選擇沼氣資源化利用方案時，需要考慮項目規(guī)模、選址邊界條件、投資、電力和蒸汽成本、產(chǎn)品市場和價格、綜合經(jīng)濟效益等因素，產(chǎn)品價格是其中最核心的因素。對于有上網(wǎng)發(fā)電補貼的大中型濕垃圾項目，熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)是首選；提純制備天然氣技術適合于有廉價電力和蒸汽供應的大中型項目，且天然氣價格應高于 2.28/2.68 ?元/m3（相對于無/有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)）；直燃供熱技術適合于有穩(wěn)定供熱需求的中小規(guī)模項目，且供熱單價高于 191.50/229.30 元/t（相對于無/有上網(wǎng)電價補貼的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)）時效益較佳；沼氣制氫技術適合于有政策支持、氫能市場成熟的一、二線城市，可作為示范項目探索。隨著我國可再生能源補貼退出政策的實施，城市化水平提高，燃氣管網(wǎng)等配套設施逐步完善，無廢低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)化、供熱一體化的發(fā)展趨勢，沼氣資源化利用技術的應用場景正在發(fā)生變化。因此，濕垃圾厭氧沼氣資源化利用項目的設計決策需根據(jù)具體條件進行技術和經(jīng)濟分析。總之，濕垃圾厭氧消化產(chǎn)沼資源化利用技術具有廣闊的應用前景，但仍需不斷優(yōu)化和改進，以克服現(xiàn)有技術面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，實現(xiàn)更高效、更環(huán)保的處理效果。

　　The resource utilization technology of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of wet garbage after pretreatment and purification mainly includes four types: cogeneration, purification of natural gas, direct combustion heating, and preparation of hydrogen gas. Analyzing the cost, benefits, sensitivity, and product prices of four typical engineering cases of three mainstream technologies, the comprehensive benefit ranking is as follows: biogas cogeneration (with electricity price subsidies) case>biogas purification to produce natural gas case>biogas cogeneration (without electricity price subsidies) case>biogas direct combustion heating case. When choosing a biogas resource utilization plan, factors such as project scale, site boundary conditions, investment, electricity and steam costs, product market and price, and comprehensive economic benefits need to be considered, with product price being the most critical factor. For large and medium-sized wet waste projects with grid connected power generation subsidies, cogeneration is the preferred option; The technology of purifying and preparing natural gas is suitable for large and medium-sized projects with cheap electricity and steam supply, and the price of natural gas should be higher than 2.28/2.68/m3 (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies); Direct combustion heating technology is suitable for small and medium-sized projects with stable heating demand, and the heating unit price is higher than 191.50/229.30 yuan/t (compared to cogeneration without/with grid electricity price subsidies), with better benefits; Biogas hydrogen production technology is suitable for first and second tier cities with policy support and mature hydrogen energy markets, and can be explored as a demonstration project. With the implementation of China's renewable energy subsidy withdrawal policy, the improvement of urbanization level, the gradual improvement of supporting facilities such as gas pipelines, and the development trend of waste free and low-carbon industrial parks and integrated heating, the application scenarios of biogas resource utilization technology are undergoing changes. Therefore, the design decision of the wet garbage anaerobic biogas resource utilization project needs to be based on specific conditions for technical and economic analysis. In summary, the technology of anaerobic digestion of wet garbage to produce biogas resources has broad application prospects, but it still needs continuous optimization and improvement to overcome the challenges faced by existing technologies and achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly treatment effects.

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